What replaced the Mass in 19th century devotions?

In the 19th century, there was a significant shift in Catholic devotional practices, and one of the prominent forms of devotion that gained attention was the veneration of the Virgin Mary, particularly in the context of her Immaculate Conception. This belief holds that Mary was conceived without original sin, and it became an important aspect of Catholic theology and devotion.

The approval and celebration of this doctrine by Pope Pius IX in 1854 led to increased Marian devotions, emphasizing her role and importance in the life of the Church and among the faithful. Delving into this devotion allowed the worshippers to deepen their spirituality and connection to Mary, often appreciating her as an intercessor and a model for Christian living.

This emphasis on Marian devotion effectively supplemented or, in some cases, replaced the traditional Mass in certain contexts among the laity, who sought alternative means of expressing their faith and spirituality outside the formal liturgy. The focus on personal and community-based devotional activities allowed for a more intimate expression of faith, fostering engagement with devotional practices centered around Mary.

The other options, while they may represent various forms of religious expression, do not capture the specific historical context and significance of Marian devotion in the 19th century as prominently as the