What is 'Zen' in Buddhism?

Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation as its core practice. This approach to Buddhism prioritizes direct experience and insight, primarily achieved through zazen, or seated meditation. Zen teachings often highlight the importance of being present in the moment and realizing one's true nature, which can lead to enlightenment.

The key elements of Zen practice include sitting in meditation, mindfulness in daily activities, and the use of koans—paradoxical questions or statements—to provoke deeper understanding and insight. This form of Buddhism, which developed in China as Chan and later spread to Japan, places a significant focus on cultivating a meditative state of mind as a path to spiritual awakening.

In contrast, the other options reflect different practices or aspects of Buddhism that do not capture the essence of Zen's focus on meditation. Rituals performed by monks are part of various Buddhist practices but are not specific to Zen. A philosophical text may provide insights into Buddhist thought, but it does not embody Zen's experiential focus. Similarly, chanting prayers is a common practice in many Buddhist traditions, yet it does not define the unique characteristics of Zen practice centered on meditation.