What does the term 'dharma' signify in Hinduism?

In Hinduism, the term 'dharma' refers to the ethical duty or responsibilities that an individual has in accordance with their role in society, personal circumstances, and the moral order of the universe. It encompasses the principles of righteousness, virtue, and moral law, guiding individuals in their actions and decisions to live harmoniously within the community and in relation to the cosmos.

Dharma is crucial in determining how one should act in different situations, considering factors such as caste, age, and gender. It emphasizes the importance of performing one's duties to promote balance and order within both personal life and the broader society. This concept not only influences personal behavior but also acts as a foundation for social justice, leading individuals toward a life that aligns with the ultimate truth and ethical standards prescribed in Hindu philosophy.

Contrasting with this understanding, personal beliefs of practitioners, spiritual enlightenment, or ritual practices are aspects of Hinduism but do not encompass the complete meaning of dharma. Dharma is specifically concerned with duties and responsibilities rather than individual beliefs, states of spiritual achievement, or worship rituals.